Is The Computer Misuse Act (1990) Appropriate?

Is The Computer Misuse Act (1990) Appropriate? The Computer Misuse Act (1990) and whether it Remains an Appropriate Legislative Instrument David Reid The Computer Misuse Act (UK) 1990 (CMA) [1] was one of the earliest acts aimed at protecting the integrity and security of computer systems. However the rapid development of technology has raised concerns as to whether the act remains effective and appropriate. Section 1: Hacking The Computer Misuse Act was created to aid the prosecution of technological related crimes, commonly known as hacking. The most prominent case was R v Gold and Schifreen[2], where Robert Schifreen and Stephen Gold accessed British Telecoms Viewdata service by shoulder surfing[3] an engineers username and password. The credentials were very simple; this brought about concerns as to the integrity and security of computer system access. The pair were prosecuted under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981[4], and received a relatively small penalty fined  £750 and  £600 respectively. This case threw into light the lack of legislature regarding crimes of this manner, and so the CMA was created. Hacking is defined in Section 1 of the CMA as, unauthorised access to any programme or data held in any computer[5]. This definition is moulded such that external hackers like Schifreen and Gold can be prosecuted easily. However it has not been as simple in other cases such as Ellis v DPP (No 1)[6]. In this case an ex-student was using other student accounts that had been left logged in in order to access computers in the campus library. It was argued whether it could be deemed unauthorised under section 1. Lord Woolf CJ however said that the access was still unauthorised and that statutory provisions were sufficiently wide to include use of the computers; Ellis was prosecuted under section 1 of the CMA. The question what is unauthorised access? has been a cause of concern for many cases under section 1. The key early case was DPP v Bignell [1998] Div. Ct.[7] in which married police officers accessed the police database in order to find the car of an ex-lover. Accessing the database was not unauthorised, but their use of it was and they were found to be guilty. Other cases that contributed confusion were, R v Bow Street Magistrate and Allison, ex parte US Govt [1999] HL[8], R v Ashley Mitchell 2011[9] and   R v Cuthbert 2005 Mag Ct[10]. The media and other critics applied a lot of pressure for change. The government accepted the All Party Internet Groups recommendations and section 1 became triable in either way, which was an amendment from section 35 of the Police and Justice Act (PJA) 2006[11]. A person guilty of the offence in section 1 can be sentenced to imprisonment of a term not exceeding 12 months or upon indictment, imprisonment to a term not exceeding 2 years. There is debate for increasing the sentencing tariff to 3 years so that it can be considered a serious crime and thereby have a deterrent effect. However the current tariff allows both significant sentencing power and the ability to prosecute for mere attempts at the offence[12]. In addition to the prosecuting powers of section 1, section 3a states that Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences, punishable by up to 2 years in prison or a fine or both[13]. This has caused concern in the technology community as to how the distinction will be made between lawful and unlawful use of the software. Despite having flaws, it is likely that this shall be an effective deterrent from both section 1 and section 3 offenders and is a step in the protection of our computers. Section 3: M ­odifying Computers and Denial of Service Attacks (DoS) Section 3 of the CMA was originally designed to prohibit the creation and distribution of viruses under the idea that they cause unauthorised modification[14]. Four years after the creation of the CMA, the internet sparked a change from isolated computer systems, into a worldwide network in which all computers could communicate. This caused a revolution in computer misuse and new vulnerabilities to computer security. These developments are cited as the main reasons for developing legislation in a technologically neutral manner, so as not to require regular updating. Proof that this was needed was in the R v Lennon[15] case; Lennon was accused of sending 5 million e-mails to his former employer causing a DoS attack. This is known as mail-bombing and causes the server to overflow preventing access to the network. However this attack could not be addressed under section 3 as the receiving system was designed to handle such e-mail messages and therefore could be viewed as authorised. The decision was reversed upon appeal, however it confirmed that authorisation remained unclear. Another question that has arisen in regards to section 3, is how modification is viewed regarding DoS attacks. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks involve the installation of software on computers in order to take control of them. It is uncertain whether this could be viewed as unauthorised modification. Therefore, under section 36 of the 2006 Police and Justice act unauthorised modification was amended to unauthorised impairment. This removes the idea that only erasing or modification of computer systems are liable, and criminalises DoS attacks. However, by looking at the difference between reported cybercrime incidents and the number of prosecutions each year, you can see that there are a large number of cases that seem to be slipping through the justice system. It can be assumed that this is due to the rapidly changing internet a technologically neutral approach in legislation, as adopted in section 3, has been unable to predict new and innovative attacks. It seems that the CMA has been more effective in dealing with computer focused attacks than attacks upon computer network systems. Section 4: Jurisdiction Section 4 of the CMA states that (1) Except as provided below in this section, it is immaterial for the purposes of any offence under section 1 or 3 above- (a) whether any act or other event proof of which is required for conviction of the offence occurred in the home country concerned; or (b) whether the accused was in the home country concerned at the time of any such act or event.[16] This is a very wide scope, however with the advances in technology, it can be avoided. For example, by hosting a website such as StormFront, a white supremacist page on a server in America, it cannot be taken down due to their right of free speech. However while the creator remains in the UK, he can be prosecuted. Conclusion [1] Computer Misuse Act 1990 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents [2] R v Gold and Schifreen 1988 http://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-gold-and-schifreen-hl-21-apr-1988/ [3] Shoulder surfing definition of shoulder surfing in (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2016, from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/shoulder_surfing [4] Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45 [5] Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.1 (CMA). [6] Ellis v DPP (No 1) 2001 http://lexisweb.co.uk/cases/2001/may/ellis-v-director-of-public-prosecutions [7] DPP v Bignell http://swarb.co.uk/director-of-public-prosecutions-v-bignell-and-another-qbd-6-jun-1997/ [8] R v Bow Street Magistrate and Allison, ex parte US Govt [1999] HL http://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-bow-street-magistrates-ex-parte-government-of-the-united-states-of-america-in-re-allison-hl-2-sep-1999/ [9] R v Ashley Mitchell 2011 https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0122.html [10] R v Cuthbert 2005 Mag Ct http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4317008.stm [11] The House of Commons, Computer Misuse Act (Amendment) Bill (5th April 2005) http://www.derekwyattexmp.co.uk/upload/docs/CMAdft1.pdf [12] All Party Internet Group, Revision of the Computer Misuse Act (June 2004) [13] Police and justice act 2006 [14] David S. Wall, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Cybercrime in the Information Age (Polity Press 2007). [15] R v Lennon, unreported, November 2, 2005, Wimbledon Magistratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ Court (on). [16] Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.4 (CMA). Literature Review: Feminism and Media Literature Review: Feminism and Media Dickinson, Sonia, and Donna Gill. â€Å"Are Women Offended by the Way they are Portrayed in Advertising?†. International Journal of Advertising 28.1(2009): 175-178. Women’s Studies International. Web. 6 Feb. 2015. â€Å"Are Women offended by the Way they are portrayed in Advertising?† Sonia Dickinson and Donna Gill attempt to answer this question. Their article, which is aimed at women around 35 years and older, displays their finding about how women respond differently to advertisements in that the responses are not always, for all women, negative. The argument is broken down into a three-point explanation that builds upon itself as it develops. The third part adheres to the opposition’s point of view on how women overreact to advertisements that are in no way objective or harmful. The breaking down of the argument allows the audience to understand not only the argument itself, but the inclusion of the authors’ multiple personal statements and realizations during the development of their argument as well as their responses to the results.[2] Throughout the article there are various representative sections that contain the personal opinions of Sonia and Donna[3]. The realizations and responses mentioned above draw the audience into the article and in crease their acceptance of the argument being made. They also admit that the question posed does prompt the readers to give a confirmatory answer, and thus solidifies the authors’ presentation of nugatory respons[4]e. In comparison to my topic, the source will allow me to, when I reference the opposing side, generate scholarly support. However, when I do have to discredit the opposing side, this discretization will be seen as all the more intelligent because of the use of a scholarly article. Back, Debora Baker. â€Å"The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism.† NWSA Journal 10.1 (1998): 139. Women’s Studies International. Web. 6 Feb. 2015. â€Å"The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism† Debora[5] intends to discuss the relationship between the media and feminism that resulted from the media’s negative presentation of the all feminists and the entire feminist movement, it’s effect of framing on society’s acceptance or rejection of the cause and those instilled in support of the movement, and finally feminism and its pursuits and response to the media. Based on the length, diction, and complexity of the article, the article is meant to be read by those who are currently completing or have completed a mastery of an upper high school reading level. Debora presents examples of feminism with either an underlying negative tone or an obvious negative view (of the media) and accompanies it with the popular or public’s view of feminism and feminists. Finally, she supports this with the media’s creation, influence or support of the negative view of the public towards feminists’ and feminism’s advancements in their portrayal of w omen and the advance of women until they are equal to men. While well poised, the article does suffer on credibility in the way that it uses some of its sources, in that this shoddy procedure causes the suspicion of the audience towards the credibility of the argument being presented. In relation to my article, this source will be used to support the argument of how the media has a negative effect on women as it dismantles the actions of and advancements for women that have been or are in the process of being secured by feminists. Cantor, Muriel G. â€Å"Feminism and the Media.† Society 25.5 (1998): 76-81. SPORTDicuss with Full Text. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. â€Å"Feminism and the Media† The article by Muriel G. Cantor focuses on how â€Å"second wave† feminists responded to and tried to enforce change in how women were portrayed in the media. She expands this to include the explanation of origin and the growth of â€Å"second wave† feminism, the tactics it used to try to persuade owners of media outlets to produce an accurate and supportive portrayal of women, the origins of the relationship between the media and feminism, and finally, the areas in which women were seen as more subordinates to men than currently. Her intended audience is those who want to learn more: about the origins of modern day feminism, the large focus of modern day feminism’s roots in interacting with the media, and/or â€Å"second wave† feminism. In her presentation, Muriel uses specific company names, making grounds for the presentation’s credibility and thus convincing the reader more than could be achieved through generalizations. She also mentions a vari ety of setbacks that the movement took while fighting for the fair portrayal of women in media become just that, a fight, instead of continuous, easy advancements. This causes readers to become engaged and points to possible overall success of â€Å"second wave† feminism. However, she poses the question of whether the movement was a success or a failure in regards to its present existence, change in existence, and changes in media [relationship] that resulted. From this, readers are to discern their own answer to the posed question, for Muriel does not give her opinion. This cause readers to remain intellectually active after reading. It could also point them to discovering more about both the media and feminism and looking at them and their relationship through a different lends than before. Credibility of her presentation and reliability in what she says is established through the sources, the title that Muriel holds at a university, and the number of works that she has pub lished. In relation to my article, I would use this to support the theses of the previous two articles, thus the relationship between the media and women and feminism but also would use to explain how this relationship came to be. Anderson, Annie, When The Mainstream Met The Second Wave: Media Representations of Women Feminism in 1970s America (2012). American Studies Honors Papers. Paper 4. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/americanstudieshp/4 When The Mainstream Met The Second Wave: Media Representation of Women and Feminism Annie Anderson attempts to portray the relationship between the media of the 1970s and Second Wave Feminism. She begins by looking that the two separately but immediately moves into the feuding interaction between the two. Her presentation focuses on the Time and Life magazines’ coverage on Second Wave Feminism and how the response of Second Wave Feminism created a framework for the relationship between Second Wave Feminism and 1970s media as well as for the way in which feminism is viewed today. Annie also tries to help her audience understand how the media shaped and continues to shape the agenda of (Second Wave) feminism. In order to do all of this, Annie gives an abrupt history of both Second Wave Feminism and the media, both subjects’ literature, and the history of Time and Life magazines. This allows for her audience to understand that impact that each might have on the public and what characteristics might be the source of tension between the three when presented in certain light. Annie, at the end of her presentation comes to a conclusion on whether or not (Second Wave) feminism has been successful and names solutions on how to improve its success. This argument will help me to structure the main point of my paper: that the media helped to create and reinforce the public’s negative view of women and feminism. The credibility of this source comes from the amount of peer review that had to be done before it was published as well as from the use of historical sources which cannot be falsified without serious consequences. Jones, Allison. Saints and Sirens: How Pop Culture Creates Female Icons. The HKU Honors Club. University of Hong Kong, 1 Aug. 1998. Web. 19 Feb. 2015. http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/40445/1/FullText.pdf?accept=1>. Allison Jones attempts to show the categorization of women in the media as either saints or sirens by looking at four females in particular. She obtains the idea that within the life or after the death of an individual, particularly women, provoke different reactions from the public as a result of the media changing the images of the women to that of the public’s liking or distaste. She uses specific examples of what made the public show distaste or admiration for the women during their life or after their death. Using not only specific women but including what upset or pleased the public allows for the argument that Allison is making to be understood more clearly than it would if she gave general examples. The comparison between the women and what qualities they presented also serves to help enforce her argument. She reflects on the power of the media to capture an image that pertains to what they choose to portray about women and the lengths to which they go to portray such an image to the public. This article will help me to convey to my audience of the effort that the media goes through to uphold the inaccurate and over exaggerated descriptions of women’s’ behaviors and the intention of such behaviors that lead to the simplified naming of these women as either good or bad. It will serve to help me transition into how feminism has been easily disguised as a men-hating movement. The credibility of this article is the same as the credibility of the article from above.

Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay

Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay Transformers have a long service life if they are operated at its full load conditions. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution transformers. Transformer follows Bath-curve relation type curve (Fig no. 1) for taking place fault in it. FIG. NO 1 BATH -CURVE The first phase indicates fault occurring due to improper service handling of transformer because it is new, second phase indicates fault occurring constantly and third phase fault are due aging problems. [5] Online monitoring of key operational parameters of transformers can provide useful information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep transformer in operation for a longer period. This will also help identify problems before any sudden failure which can result in a significant cost savings and greater reliability. There are various fault occurred in transformer which causes damaged to the transformer if they are not diagnosed at quick time. It is thus important to monitor transformer continuously. Online monitoring is the solution for continuously observing the health of transformer. With the advancement in technology various technique are used for monitoring continuously the transformer. The global system for mobile communication (GSM) is the best among them. II.FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER 1) Overvoltage : When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper limit, this is known as overvoltage. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient a voltage spike or per manent, leading to a power surge . Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.Due to this Overvoltage there may be Mal-operation of Circuit -Breaker or other accessories can be take place and hence Power system may get collapse.Thus monitoring of such faults becomes necessary . 2) Single phasing : Single phasing is an unwanted condition where one phase in a three-phase power system is missing, due to a tripped breaker or other condition. With just two lines hot, there is no phase rotation and thus the power delivered to the load is single-phase. This is very bad for most three-phase loads with reduced power and continuously drawing current. 3) Temperature : Hot spot of the winding is the maximum limit of the load capability. Previously the hot spot is calculated by knowing the measurement of oil temperature and of load of current. Abnormal temperature readings almost always indicate some type of failure in a transformer. For this reason, it has become common practice to monitor the hot spot, main tank, and bottom tank temperatures on the shell of a transformer. 4)Moisture :The presence of water in the oil can lead to reduction in the dielectric strength of transformer oil also ageing of oil is also affected .Thus all this can lead to electrical breakdown of transformer oil. This is very critical situation therefore continuous monitoring of operation is required to protect transformer from all of this. 5) Gas in Oil Analysis: The two principal causes of gas formation within an operating transformer are electrical disturbances and thermal decomposition especially in Oil. During the natural aging process of the oil and insulating parts, especially in the case of thermal or electrical failures, cracked gases form, and are dissolved in the oil. The rate of decomposition and the type of gases evolved during operation; result in thermal overloading and electrical faults. Thus analysis of gas in oil is important for protect the Transformer against such fault. Dissolved Gas Analysis is one method by which different gases can be finding out in transformer oil. The gases forms like Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Acetylene (C2H2), Ethylene (C2H4), and Ethane (C2H6). Further, when cellulose insulation is involved, thermal decomposition or electric faults produce Carbon monoxide (CO), and Carbon dioxide (CO2). Following table shows the various fault can be occurred because of gases formation in oil. [9] TABLE NO. 1 Different Types of Fault Occur Fault Type Gases Responsible Corona Hydrogen , Acetylene Insulator Effect Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Arc Formation Acetylene and Hydrogen Sparking Methane and Ethane Overheating Methane and Ethylene Method of Dissolved Gas Analysis: Traditionally Dissolved Gas Analysis has been carried out by taking a sample of oil from the transformer, sending it to a laboratory and waiting for the results. Unless there was any suspicion of a problem in the transformer, samples might be taken at intervals of up to 1 year, depending on the maintenance report of the operator. This means that a fault that develops over a shorter period of time then the sampling interval can be missed, leading to possible catastrophic failure of the transformer . Manual sampling can also lead to errors in the analysis. Results can vary from laboratory to laboratory, and even between users of the same equipment Units. Now therefore it is important to monitor such DGA analysis online. Online monitoring not only automized system but also reduced the manual mistakes. Continuous online monitoring helps to keep record of transformer health at every instant .By monitoring and record key operation of transformer is not only thing to be considered but it is necessary .[ 12 ] 6) Vibration: Transformer vibration (and consequently noise) is caused by the magnetostriction of the core laminates (the extension and contraction of the core lamination. Under alternating fluxes, this extension and contraction takes place twice during a normal voltage or current cycle .This means that transformer is vibrating twice of the frequency of supply resulting in vibration to occur mainly at 120 Hz. This vibration level depends on the transformer construction and design. Vibration level shall increased by through fault current, phase to ground or phase to phase fault. Thus monitoring is necessary for any kind of vibration in the Transformer. III.GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION Above fault identification techniques can be useful for identify various fault ,but it is always be helpful to have a continuous operation of transformer health because it causes least disturbance to the Transformer .Thus we proposed one method called as Global System for Mobile communication ( GSM ) helps to record operation of transformer and convey its data continuously to the operator by sending massage regarding transformer health .Previously SCADA system are used to monitor and record such key operation of transformer but since this system is complex and it is expensive to use .Thus GSM is the best alternative to it .Further the network of GSM technology is wider than other network hence it is flexible to use . [3] IV.DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY The proposed on-line monitoring system consists of Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem, with chip microcontroller and different sensor. It is installed at the transformer site and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If there is any abnormality or an emergency situation the system sends SMS (Short Message Service) messages to designated mobile telephones containing information about the abnormality. Also, it sends SMS to a central database via the GSM modem for further processing. This mobile system will help the system to run under reliable condition and identify problems before any failure. V.BLOCK DIAGRAM The block diagram of proposed model is as follows. [11] VI . Ways of detecting various faults for online monitoring of Transformer 1) Measurement of Over-voltage : To measure overvoltage we used step down transformer in our project. The transformer connect across the phase and neutral of each phases (R, Y, B), which step down voltage from 300v AC (max) to 5 volt AC, further This voltage will be converted to DC by means of rectifier and give it to the input of ADC, the ADC will convert this signals in equivalent digital signals and give it to microcontroller. Further microcontroller compares these digital signals with the settled overvoltage (250v) and under voltage (180v) If the signals is greater than 250 volt and less than 180volt then the microcontroller trips the contactor. If in case of phase failure the microcontroller treat this fault as a under voltage because if any phase is not available that means the voltage is less than 180 v (0 volt is less than 180 volt) in this case also microcontroller trips the contactor. 2) Single Phasing : Single phasing can be prevented by using single phasing preventer. Single phasing preventer is an electronic circuit which prevents the three phase electronic operated electrical machines from single phase cut off, phase reversal and phase imbalance . 3) Temperature Monitoring: In order to make on-line monitoring possible, thermocouples are placed externally on the transformer and provide real-time data on the temperature at various locations on the transformer. High main tank temperatures have been known to indicate oil deterioration, insulation degradation, and water formation. 4) Moisture: Online monitoring can be used to improve the accuracy of Oil .Moisture sensors available can easily detect the presence of any moisture. 5) DGA Analysis: Nowadays DGA usually consists of three steps: i) Sampling of oil in an airtight glass tube made up of borosilicate of capacity 150 ml to 250 ml. ii) The DGA technique involves extracting or stripping the gases from the oil and injecting them into a gas chromatograph (GC). Detection of gas concentrations usually involves the use of a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Most systems also employ a methanizer, which converts any carbon monoxide And carbon dioxide present into methane so that it can be burned and detected on the FID, a very sensitive sensor. iii) The separated gases are detected by thermal conductivity detector for atmospheric gases, by flame ionization detector for hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon. Following fig no. 3 [13] shows the Gas Chromatography technique: FIG. NO 3 Thus at present, gas chromatography is the main method which can achieve the fault diagnosis by the on-line monitoring to the dissolved gases in the transformer oil. But it has many disadvantages, such as the aging, Pollution and saturation of chromatogram columns and it takes a long time consuming much carrier gases during the monitoring process. Concerning these disadvantages, on-line monitoring to the groups of dissolved gases through the gas sensor array is suggested. [7] VII. Conclusion Due to daily increased load of power system it is important to maintain system Reliability .As transformer plays important role in power system by maintaining reliability it is important that we should keep transformer from daily fault occurring in it just by observing its key parameter so that such fault cannot result in bigger failure also apart from these sharing of data information is also essential using new technology at reduced cost . System to expert systems can be used to achieve all the parameters test and analysis of automation every system is automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated systems have less manual operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance. [10] VIII. References [1] Guiyin Yu, and Lu Zhang, Application of Electrical Transformer Online Monitoring System International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing August 13-15, 2010 Dalian, China [2] Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, Abdul Khaliq Muhammad Arshad, GSM-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring System Dubrovnik, Croatia IEEE MELECON 2004, May 12-15, 2004 [3] Constantin Daniel Oancea, Member, IEEE GSM Infrastructure Used for Data Transmission The 7 th international symposium on advanced topicin electrical engineering, Bucarest May 11-14 2011 [4] Fagarasan, Sorina Costina, Sergiu St. ILIESCU3, Monitoring and Diagnosis Methods for High voltage power Transformer U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008 [5] Cbengtsson ABB Transformers AB Ludvh, Sweden,Status and Trends in Transformer MonitoringIEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No. 3, July 1996 [6] J.C. Burgos , E. Pagan , B. Garcia , Experiences in Managing Transformers through Maintenance Operations and Monitoring Systems 21, rue dArtois, F-75008 Paris http://www.cigre.org,May 2004[7] Lynn Hamrick ESCO Energy Services,Dissolved Gas Analysis for Transformers Winter 2009-2010 NETA WORLD [8] A. Kingsmill S. Jones Application of new condition Monitoring Technologies in the Electricity Transmission Industry, Transgrid University of Australia [9] Fredi Jacob Dissolved Gas Analysis, Past Present Future ACTI Inc. Jan 21, 2003. [10] Brian D Sparling, Jacques Aubin,Power Transformer life extension through better monitoring [11] A review by Vidhata Technologies [12]Sherif S.M.Ghoneim,Advances in electrical Engineering sy stem , Volume 1 2012, ISSN 2167-633 [13] Online transformer monitor site preparation guide ,Model T M Series ,August 27 2008

William Shakespeare and His Works Essay -- William Shakespeare biograp

William Shakespeare, the figure to whom the most influential works of literature in history are credited, was born in April of 1564 (the exact date is approximated as April 23rd, also the date given as his death fifty-two years later) in Stratford, England to John and Mary Shakespeare. He grew up in relatively middle-class surroundings, attending grammar school and studying Latin, logic, and literature, from which he graduated to marry a woman by the name of Anne Hathaway. With Hathaway he had three children, two girls and a son, and as a playwright and poet, Shakespeare went on to enjoy moderate success in his time, writing thirty-seven (known) plays and several works of poetry. Of course his plays would be well underappreciated during his time (as with all great artists), but later, such titles as King Lear, Twelfth Night, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth would only begin a list of some of the most appraised scripts ever written (Armstrong, 1-5). While these plays carry the weight of Shakespeare’s legacy, he was also a dedicated poet. During the years of the black plague in the late 16th century, theaters were closed from 1592 until 1594, and Shakespeare spent his time writing lengthy poetry, including Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucree, and continued work on his sonnets, a volume of poems which he wrote over a span of about a decade. This book of sonnets has raised some of the most captivating questions in all of literature, as their vagueness and mysterious allusions have puzzled critics for centuries, who attempt to use them to piece together parts of Shakespeare’s life, of which relatively little is known. One of the most frequently investigated questions is that of Shakespeare’s sexuality; the so... ...ne or the other, some fascinating truth about the author himself, as though he intended to leave it there. After all, when one gives the book of sonnets to a loved one as a traditional gift, does one bare in mind that the sonnets praising love and beauty are more than likely written to a man, while those written to a woman are of darkness and remorse? Certainly, at least hopefully, not. Whatever the case may be, the sonnets were written from the heart, with an honest pen and a true heart, something that can be appreciated by any generation. It has been said that Shakespeare can be seen as â€Å"nothing less than the inventor of the human,† (Keevak, 68). What Shakespeare did intend to leave us with was something beautiful that can be appreciated in whatever context we may chose to present it, so long as the humanity that these works contain is preserved.

Essay --

Today there are many problems and defects with with healthcare, income inequality and poverty. From time to time the government tried to change policies, in order to improve these issues, however, the gap between rich and poor keeps increasing and there is very little improvement in healthcare and the economy. In fact, healthcare keeps on becoming costly. Research studies shown that, there are strong connection has been made between housing and health. The continuing inequities in health reflect socioeconomic inequalities including housing conditions and this has led to a renewal of studies in the past years in housing as a cause of health (Research Part: I, Ch. 4&5). In this research essay it will focus on housing as a cause of health, and study of a causal connection between the two can be identified. Also, it will study other things that related to housing and may have an impact on health and how they interact, and whether a more approach included that should be taken to improve h ealth status. This approach would accept the complex causal role of housing, both at an individual and community level. According to the research studies, there are many causes of health, including: household income, employment, working conditions, education, warm dry housing, family support, the absence of drugs and diseases (Research Part: I, Ch. 4&5). Each social class has a evident power, and that power is their economic ability to change society. The four major classes are the capitalists, managers, businesspersons, and the workers. A persons clothing, housing and educational opportunities usually depend on their class, but that is a direct reflection of their income. A person does not gain any class or power without their income being taken into... ...level initiatives and stronger legislation to require healthier homes and neighborhoods. Public health professionals and health care providers must fight to create universal, equitable housing policies that benefit our most vulnerable populations." In conclusion, health and housing are strongly and complexly interconnected at a level that appears clear to common sense, but can be difficult to discover through scientific experiments. According to the researches above, it’s shows that housing indeed is an important factor of health status. However, the very nature of both housing and health means that they are inserted of some other factors, and each of the factor are influence by one of another. Anyway, the strong correlation between these two concepts means that if an incorporated, continual policy was approved, the consequences could prove to be quite significant.

Decision Making Essay -- GCSE Business Management Coursework

Decision Making Assignment Description: For this assignment think of an important business decision you have made in the past in which the results of your decision turned out poorly. Your manager is concerned and wants to make sure that you learned from this mistake and the likelihood of this happening in the future is minimal. Therefore she would like you to email her a reflective analysis about that decision. Be sure to address the following in your analysis: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe the decision and its relative importance to you as the decision maker. (1 paragraph) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use three different theories associated with this unit's resources and readings to illustrate your decision making process. (3 paragraphs). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compare and contrast your understanding of judgment and/or decision making using these three different theoretical approaches.(3 to 4 Paragraphs) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does this imply about our understanding of how to make judgments and decisions? (1 to 2 Paragraphs). 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How will knowledge of this analysis help you to make better decisions in the future? (1-2 paragraphs) 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe the decision and its relative importance to you as the decision maker. The decision was made when I was a Production Supervisor. Quality of product was getting much attention due to many customer complaints as a result many standards were put into practice. In an effort to reduce the customer complaints, all employees were expected to follow the new standards. Even t...

Religious Initiates Essay

Arnold Friend uses Connie’s insecurities to make her come to him. First of all Arnold uses the word â€Å"Don’tcha† when asking Connie questions. If Connie answers no she seems stupid. Tt forces her to constantly agree with what Arnold is saying or asking. Connie is a normal teenage girl and is concerned about her looks. When Arnold first pulls up Connie is described as â€Å"Her heart began to pound and her fingers snatched at her hair, checking it, and she whispered, â€Å"Christ. Christ,† wondering how bad she lookedâ€Å". Soon after Arnold tells her â€Å"You’re cute† (3), and even later â€Å"I don’t like them fat. I like them the way you are, honey† (8). He is trying to boost her ego. He looks and dresses like boys she is attracted too. Connie â€Å"liked the way he was dressed, which was the way all of them dressed: tight faded jeans stuffed into black, scuffed boots, a belt that pulled his waist in and showed how lean he was, and a white pull-over shirt that was a little soiled and showed the hard small muscles of his arms and shoulders. He looked as if he probably did hard work, lifting and carrying things. Even his neck looked muscular† (5). Arnold has all the characteristics and qualities that her parents want for her to resist. When Connie questions who Arnold is, he claims they know each other and have the same friends by listing their names â€Å"Listen: Betty Schultz and Tony Fitch and Jimmy Pettinger and Nancy Pettinger,† he said in a chant. â€Å"Raymond Stanley and Bob Hutter—† (5). He speaks as if he is singing, â€Å"He spoke in a simple lilting voice, exactly as if he were reciting the words to a song† (5) much like dangerous sirens of Greek mythology. Arnold also makes sure to have music playing that Connie likes, â€Å"Bobby King† and comments â€Å"I listen to him all the time. I think he’s great† (4). He uses slang that was popular with Connie’s school friends last year on his car â€Å"MAN THE FLYING SAUCERS. It was an expression kids had used the year before but didn’t use this year. She looked at it for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not yet know† (6). All these things are meant to make Connie feel comfortable and at ease with Arnold. If she is comfortable she will trust him, go for a ride with him, and he can do whatever he wants with her. Arnold Friend tries hard to lure Connie away. He romances her like a young lover complimenting how she looks, sharing her taste in music and friends. But she still refuses and he play his last card. He states â€Å"I’m the boy for you, and like I said, you come out here nice like a lady and give me your hand, and nobody else gets hurt, I mean, your nice old bald-headed daddy and your mummy and your sister in her high heels. Because listen: why bring them in this? † (10). It is at this point that she realizes she has no choice but to go with him. For all the annoyance, resentment, and bitterness she displays toward her family, in the end, she is willing to give up herself for them. She must go with Arnold to save her family and maybe herself. It is through She chooses to go with Arnold because she sees that as her only alternative. Connie is initiated â€Å"into evil, and in the ending of the story they discover Connie’s capitulation to the shallow values of a debased culture† (Wesley 255). Oddly enough if she, at 15, had been as â€Å"worldly: as she would have liked – she would have been strong enough and smart enough to resist. Arnold Friend is the embodiment of evil intent. He shows himself to Connie in a way that she would feel comfortable with – as a young smooth talking boy who wants to court her. He represents the internal and external conflict that Connie has inside. She resists his various temptations but surrenders herself in hopes of saving her family from harm. At the end of the story the reader does not know what really happens to Connie. The open ended conclusion let’s the reader reflect on their own conflicts, their own insecurities and weaknesses. And we, the audience have to wonder, if the evil in the world is going to get us too. Works Cited Dessommes, Nancy Bishop. â€Å"O’Connor’s Mrs. May and Oates’s Connie: An Unlikely Pair of Religious Initiates. † Studies in Short Fiction 31. 3 (1994): 433+. Questia. 22 Apr. 2006 . Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. † University of San Francisco. Celestial Timepiece: A Joyce Carol Oates Home Page. 25 November 2005. Wesley, Marilyn C. â€Å"Reverence, Rape, Resistance: Joyce Carol Oates and Feminist Film Theory. † Mosaic (Winnipeg) 32. 3 (1999): 75. Questia. 22 Apr. 2006 . Wesley, Marilyn C. â€Å"The Transgressive Other of Joyce Carol Oates’s Recent Fiction. † Critique 33. 4 (1992): 255-262. Questia. 22 Apr. 2006 .

Afghan Women Revealed

In the year 2001 2002 the United States of America engaged in a political campaign for the war in Afghanistan. In her essay â€Å"To unveil the threat of terror†, Dana Cloud accuses the United States government to construct a hypocritical justification for the war in Afghanistan. The United States used the picture of veiled woman and children and presented them to the united citizens as oppressed and needing help. Dana Cloud argues that the real motif of the war was to obtain economical and geopolitical control of the territory of Afghanistan. In this essay we will analyze one of the photographs that played a big important role in the Afghanistan war campaign of the United States. Our goal here will not be to discuss the real reason of the war but to determine if the pictures really represented Afghan women and children as oppressed and needing help. We will then try to determine if the united states where in fact able to help this women. Based on our conclusion we will propose a more parsimonious property of these images: a property that all photographs possess and that Morris calls an express train to error. The afghan woman is a photograph of a young afghan girl taken by National Geographic photographs in a refugee camp in Afghanistan. The girl in the photograph is wearing a red torn burka and her piercing eyes are gazing at the viewer. Some say that she looks angry, others that she looks desperate and needs help. The truth is that we will never really know what she felt at that moment. But what we can be sure of in that picture is that if the United States had not gone to war in afghan we would not have been able to gaze at her photograph for the simple reason that in afghan culture, women are not allowed to show their faces. In an American perspective, the United States had helped this young afghan girl to be free and express her identity. Ironically although the picture promotes individuality and freedom, the picture also oppresses individuality and freedom as well. It possesses a dimension of individuated aggregate. They were no name in the photograph just â€Å"the afghan woman†. By naming the photograph the Afghan woman and publishing it in the United States Press, the photograph served as a representation of all the afghan women and thus ignored the specific individual represented in the photograph. An American citizen ignorant of afghan culture and proud of his own culture and belief will automatically perceive the girl in the photograph as freed and experience what Dana Could referred to as paternalism: a need to protect her. Thus we find that Dana could argument that the United States spread an image of savior during the 2001-2002 war campaign. Did they really save this girl, or the other afghan woman? The eyes of the Afghan girl had captivated the world so much that the National Geographic photograph that had taken her photograph was sent to search for her. Mc Curry says that he went first with his search team to the original place where the photograph was taken: the refugee camp of Nasir Bagh. A man who heard about the search told them he knew the girl in the picture. He claimed she was his childhood friend and that she had returned to Afghanistan near Tora Bora.. Mc curry was informed by the team that He told them that she was a childhood friend and that she went back to Afghanistan and in she had returned to Afghanistan years ago, he said, and now lived in the mountains near Tora Bora. When McCurry got to the place and saw her walk I the room he told himself: this is her. Thus â€Å"the girl with the piercing green eyes† or â€Å"the afghan girl† was identified. Her name was Sharbat Gula, and she was Pashtun, one of the most violent tribe of Afghanistan. Mc Curry took a new photograph of her and her eyes were still burning with ferocity. Her eyes were still sea green, big haunted and haunting green eyes. In them you could read the tragedy of a land drained by war not the relief and freedom that the United States should have brought with them. If the United States had helped this girl and the other women by going in war with the Taliban, this girl her eyes would have looked happier, less angry, or simply different. We would have noticed a change, but the only change we notice is the change of a girl into a woman. This change is not relevant to the United States going to war with afghan but to nature. When observing the afghan girl one should not make biased assumption. Although being unbiased is thorough, it is not impossible. While looking at the photo of the afghan girl a viewer should see all facets of the photograph or image being observed. While the photograph of the afghan woman portrays the oppression that afghan women experience, it also expresses the tragedy and struggled experienced by women in war. As Ell Morris described in his†¦. Photographs and images are an express train to error and believing is seeing. When one observes the photographs of the afghan women, one sees what he wants to see: a women that need help from the united states,a women that is angry, a women that is ravaged by a war ,a woman that is ashamed to show her face,a woman that is revolted. hey are so many interpretation that can be drawn from the afghan woman,but none of them can really grasp the reality that the photographs bring. it is just as ell morris said. While photograph reveals important some things, they hide or misrepresent others. Thus the photograph of the afghan woman has one very parsimonious property. a property that all photographs share: to represent a blurry reality. However although the photograph is not a real represe ntation of afghan woman, it remains true that they are oppressed and ravaged by the tragedy that is war.